32 research outputs found
Multi-Object Tracking with Interacting Vehicles and Road Map Information
In many applications, tracking of multiple objects is crucial for a
perception of the current environment. Most of the present multi-object
tracking algorithms assume that objects move independently regarding other
dynamic objects as well as the static environment. Since in many traffic
situations objects interact with each other and in addition there are
restrictions due to drivable areas, the assumption of an independent object
motion is not fulfilled. This paper proposes an approach adapting a
multi-object tracking system to model interaction between vehicles, and the
current road geometry. Therefore, the prediction step of a Labeled
Multi-Bernoulli filter is extended to facilitate modeling interaction between
objects using the Intelligent Driver Model. Furthermore, to consider road map
information, an approximation of a highly precise road map is used. The results
show that in scenarios where the assumption of a standard motion model is
violated, the tracking system adapted with the proposed method achieves higher
accuracy and robustness in its track estimations
Environment Perception Framework Fusing Multi-Object Tracking, Dynamic Occupancy Grid Maps and Digital Maps
Autonomously driving vehicles require a complete and robust perception of the
local environment. A main challenge is to perceive any other road users, where
multi-object tracking or occupancy grid maps are commonly used. The presented
approach combines both methods to compensate false positives and receive a
complementary environment perception. Therefore, an environment perception
framework is introduced that defines a common representation, extracts objects
from a dynamic occupancy grid map and fuses them with tracks of a Labeled
Multi-Bernoulli filter. Finally, a confidence value is developed, that
validates object estimates using different constraints regarding physical
possibilities, method specific characteristics and contextual information from
a digital map. Experimental results with real world data highlight the
robustness and significance of the presented fusing approach, utilizing the
confidence value in rural and urban scenarios
Situation-Aware Environment Perception Using a Multi-Layer Attention Map
Within the field of automated driving, a clear trend in environment
perception tends towards more sensors, higher redundancy, and overall increase
in computational power. This is mainly driven by the paradigm to perceive the
entire environment as best as possible at all times. However, due to the
ongoing rise in functional complexity, compromises have to be considered to
ensure real-time capabilities of the perception system.
In this work, we introduce a concept for situation-aware environment
perception to control the resource allocation towards processing relevant areas
within the data as well as towards employing only a subset of functional
modules for environment perception, if sufficient for the current driving task.
Specifically, we propose to evaluate the context of an automated vehicle to
derive a multi-layer attention map (MLAM) that defines relevant areas. Using
this MLAM, the optimum of active functional modules is dynamically configured
and intra-module processing of only relevant data is enforced.
We outline the feasibility of application of our concept using real-world
data in a straight-forward implementation for our system at hand. While
retaining overall functionality, we achieve a reduction of accumulated
processing time of 59%.Comment: Update 1: Removed minor typos, corrected FKZ. Update 2: Extension of
Section III-E. Rewording in some sections to improve clarity. Added IEEE
Copyright Notic
Energetics of a black hole: constraints on the jet velocity and the nature of the X-ray emitting region in Cyg X-1
We investigate the energetics of the jet and X-ray corona of Cyg X-1. We show
that the current estimates of the jet power obtained from Halpha and [O III]
measurements of the optical nebula surrounding the X-ray source allow one to
constrain the bulk velocity of the jet. It is definitely relativistic (v >0.1c)
and most probably in the range (0.3-0.8)c. The exact value of the velocity
depends on the accretion efficiency. These constraints are obtained
independently of, and are consistent with, previous estimates of the jet bulk
velocity based on radio measurements. We then show that the X-ray emission does
not originate in the jet. Indeed, the energy budget does not allow the corona
to be ejected to infinity at relativistic speed. Rather, either a small
fraction of the corona escapes to infinity, or the ejection velocity of the
corona is vanishingly low. Although the corona could constitute the jet
launching region, it cannot be identified with the jet itself. We discuss the
consequences for various X-ray emission models.Comment: 9 pages, 4 figures, to appear in MNRA
On the Role of the Accretion Disk in Black Hole Disk-Jet Connections
Models of jet production in black hole systems suggest that the properties of
the accretion disk - such as its mass accretion rate, inner radius, and
emergent magnetic field - should drive and modulate the production of
relativistic jets. Stellar-mass black holes in the "low/hard" state are an
excellent laboratory in which to study disk-jet connections, but few
coordinated observations are made using spectrometers that can incisively probe
the inner disk. We report on a series of 20 Suzaku observations of Cygnus X-1
made in the jet-producing low/hard state. Contemporaneous radio monitoring was
done using the Arcminute MicroKelvin Array radio telescope. Two important and
simple results are obtained: (1) the jet (as traced by radio flux) does not
appear to be modulated by changes in the inner radius of the accretion disk;
and (2) the jet is sensitive to disk properties, including its flux,
temperature, and ionization. Some more complex results may reveal aspects of a
coupled disk-corona-jet system. A positive correlation between the reflected
X-ray flux and radio flux may represent specific support for a plasma ejection
model of the corona, wherein the base of a jet produces hard X-ray emission.
Within the framework of the plasma ejection model, the spectra suggest a jet
base with v/c ~ 0.3, or the escape velocity for a vertical height of z ~ 20
GM/c^2 above the black hole. The detailed results of X-ray disk continuum and
reflection modeling also suggest a height of z ~ 20 GM/c^2 for hard X-ray
production above a black hole, with a spin in the range 0.6 < a < 0.99. This
height agrees with X-ray time lags recently found in Cygnus X-1. The overall
picture that emerges from this study is broadly consistent with some
jet-focused models for black hole spectral energy distributions in which a
relativistic plasma is accelerated at z = 10-100 GM/c^2.Comment: Accepted for publication in Ap
UNICARagil – New architectures for disruptive vehicle concepts
This paper provides an overview of the research topics of the UNICARagil project with the focus on different architectures, such as the mechatronic, the software, and the mechanic architecture. The main research questions as well as possible solutions, which will be investigated in this project, are described. The project is funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research of Germany
In terms of the mechatronic and the software architecture, this paper focuses on the ECU concept: the main tasks of the automated driving process are executed on three ECUs, which are called the cerebrum, the brainstem and the spinal cord. This architecture supports the modular approach regarding functional safety, the ability of future updates and upgrades, and the service orientated architecture (SOA) of the software. The well-known SOA approach is transferred to automotive applications and becomes the automotive service orientated architecture (ASOA).
Furthermore, the mechanic structure of the four vehicles AUTOtaxi, AUTOelfe, AUTOliefer and AUTOshuttle is described
Discovery of a parsec-scale bipolar nebula around MWC 349A
We report the discovery of a bipolar nebula around the peculiar emission-line
star MWC 349A using archival Spitzer Space Telescope 24 um data. The nebula
extends over several arcminutes (up to 5 pc) and has the same orientation and
geometry as the well-known subarcsecond-scale (~400 times smaller) bipolar
radio nebula associated with this star. We discuss the physical relationship
between MWC 349A and the nearby B0 III star MWC 349B and propose that both
stars were members of a hierarchical triple system, which was ejected from the
core of the Cyg OB2 association several Myr ago and recently was dissolved into
a binary system (now MWC 349A) and a single unbound star (MWC 349B). Our
proposal implies that MWC 349A is an evolved massive star (likely a luminous
blue variable) in a binary system with a low-mass star. A possible origin of
the bipolar nebula around MWC 349A is discussed.Comment: 9 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in A&